Rosettastein Paketverwaltung
Dieser Artikel beschreibt unterschiedliche Möglichkeiten der Paketverwaltung unter Linux. Wie auf dem historisch belegten 
Rosetta-Stein sollen einfache Befehle in die "Sprache" einer anderen Distribution übersetzt werden.
Benutzer anderer Distributionen können von Pacman durch die Verwendung eines einfachen Hüllskriptes profitieren: pacapt. Dies Skript ist in bash geschrieben und kann auch von Arch-Benutzern, die mit Paketformaten anderer Distributionen umgehen müssen, verwendet werden.
Pakete namentlich installieren
Das angegebene Paket wird installiert.
| Arch Linux | Red Hat | Debian | openSUSE | Gentoo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pacman -S | yum install | apt-get install | zypper install | emerge [-a] |
Pakete namentlich deinstallieren
Das angegebene Paket wird deinstalliert,
| Arch Linux | Red Hat | Debian | openSUSE | Gentoo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pacman -Rc | yum remove | apt-get remove | zypper remove | emerge -C |
Paketquellen durchsuchen
Paketsuche anhand eines Ausdrucks im Namen oder in der (Kurz-)Beschreibung. Die durchsuchten Felder weichen bei jedem Werkzeug ab.
| Arch Linux | Red Hat | Debian | openSUSE | Gentoo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pacman -Ss |
apt-cache search| |
zypper search | emerge -S |
Aktualisierung
Update aller installierter Pakete.
| Arch Linux | Red Hat | Debian | openSUSE | Gentoo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pacman -Syu | yum update | apt-get upgrade | zypper update | emerge -u world |
Andere Form des obigen Befehls zur Umsetzung komplexerer Aufgaben, – z.B. distributionsweite Aktualisierung. Während der obige Befehl Pakete nicht aktualisiert, bei denen sich Abhängigkeiten geändert haben, führt diese Form solche durch.
| Arch Linux | Red Hat | Debian | openSUSE | Gentoo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pacman -Syu | yum distro-sync | apt-get dist-upgrade | zypper dup | emerge -uDN world |
Erneute Installation eines Pakets, ohne sich um Abhängigkeiten zu kümmern.
| Arch Linux | Red Hat | Debian | openSUSE | Gentoo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pacman -S | yum reinstall | apt-get install --reinstall |
emerge [-a] |
Lokale Installation, das heißt: Installation ohne Rückgriff auf ein Repository.
| Arch Linux | Red Hat | Debian | openSUSE | Gentoo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pacman -U | yum localinstall | dpkg -i && apt-get install -f | zypper in /path/to/local.rpm | emerge |
Lokales Update ohne Rückgriff auf ein Repository.
| Arch Linux | Red Hat | Debian | openSUSE | Gentoo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pacman -U | yum localupdate | n/a | n/a | emerge |
Paketverwaltung
Aufspüren und ggf. Reparatur kaputtgegangener Abhängigkeiten.
| Arch Linux | Red Hat | Debian | openSUSE | Gentoo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pacman dep level - testdb, shared lib level - findbrokenpkgs oder lddd | package-cleanup --problems | apt-get --fix-broken | zypper verify | revdep-rebuild |
Pakete nur herunterladen ohne Auspacken oder Installation.
| Arch Linux | Red Hat | Debian | openSUSE | Gentoo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pacman -Sw | yumdownloader | apt-get --download-only | zypper --download-only | emerge --fetchonly |
Löschen von Paketen, die nur als Abhängigkeit anderer Pakete installiert wurden, die z.B. nicht mehr installiert sind.
| Arch Linux | Red Hat | Debian | openSUSE | Gentoo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pacman -Qdtq | pacman -Rs - | yum autoremove | apt-get autoremove | zypper rm -u | emerge --depclean |
Herunterladen der Quellpakete zu einem Paket.
| Arch Linux | Red Hat | Debian | openSUSE | Gentoo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ABS && makepkg -o | yumdownloader --source | apt-get source / debcheckout | zypper source-install | emerge --fetchonly |
Löschen von Paketen, die in keinem Repo mehr vorkommen.
| Arch Linux | Red Hat | Debian | openSUSE | Gentoo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n/a | package-cleanup --orphans | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Installieren bzw. Löschen von Paketen, die Abhängigkeiten zum Bau eines anderen Paketes sind. Benötigt Information aus dem Quellpaket.
| Arch Linux | Red Hat | Debian | openSUSE | Gentoo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| automatisch | yum-builddep | apt-get build-dep | zypper si -d | emerge -o |
Ein Paket von Aktualisierungen ausschließen.
| Arch Linux | Red Hat | Debian | openSUSE | Gentoo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
IgnorePkg in der pacman.conf
|
exclude in der yum.conf
|
echo "$PKGNAME hold" \
|
Paketname in der /etc/zypp/locks
|
/etc/portage/package.mask
|
Dieser Artikel oder Artikelabschnitt ist noch nicht vollständig!
Hinweis: Wiki-Autoren: Bitte wie oben die Tabelle weiter aufdröseln, und gegebenenfalls die Zeilen logisch in die Abschnitte einpassen. Gegebenenfalls neue logische Abschnitte anlegen. Texte nach Möglichkeit sinngemäß übersetzen (muss nicht alles auf einen Schlag gemacht werden *g*). --Dirk (Diskussion) 03:58, 19. Nov. 2014 (CET)
| Den Auschluss wieder aufheben | Den Paketeintrag aus der IgnorePkg-Zeile in der /etc/pacman.conf entfernen | yum.conf <--”exclude” option (remove/amend) | echo "$PKGNAME install" | dpkg --set-selections | Paketnamen aus der /etc/zypp/locks entfernen | /etc/portage/package.mask (oder package.unmask) | ||||||
| Alle Ausschlüsse auflisten | cat /etc/pacman.conf | yum.conf (research needed) | /etc/apt/preferences | View /etc/zypp/locks | cat /etc/portage/package.mask | ||||||
| Einen Haltepunkt für ein Rollback zum System hinzufügen | (nicht nötig, wird bei jeder Transaction gemacht) | n/a | |||||||||
| Einen Haltepunkt entfernen | N/A | N/A | n/a | ||||||||
| Provide a list of all system checkpoints | N/A | yum history list | n/a | ||||||||
| Rolls entire packages back to a certain date or checkpoint. | N/A | yum history rollback | n/a | ||||||||
| Undo a single specified transaction. | N/A | yum history undo | n/a | ||||||||
| Mark a package previously installed as a dependency as explicitly required. | pacman -D --asexplicit | aptitude unmarkauto | emerge --select | ||||||||
| Install package(s) as dependency / without marking as explicitly required. | pacman -S --asdeps | emerge -1 | |||||||||
| Package information management | |||||||||||
| Get a dump of the whole system information - Prints, Saves or similar the current state of the package management system. Preferred output is text or XML. (Note: Why either-or here? No tool offers the option to choose the output format.) | (see /var/lib/pacman/local) | (see /var/lib/rpm/Packages) | apt-cache stats | n/a | emerge --info | ||||||
| Show all or most information about a package. The tools' verbosity for the default command vary. But with options, the tools are on par with each other. | pacman -[S|Q]i | yum list or info | apt-cache show / apt-cache policy | zypper info zypper if | emerge -S; emerge -pv; eix | ||||||
| Search for package(s) by searching the expression in name, description, short description. What exact fields are being searched by default varies in each tool. Mostly options bring tools on par. | pacman -Ss | yum search | apt-cache search | zypper search zypper se [-s] | emerge -S | ||||||
| Lists packages which have an update available. Note: Some provide special commands to limit the output to certain installation sources, others use options. | pacman -Qu | yum list updates yum check-update | apt-get upgrade -> n | zypper list-updates zypper patch-check (just for patches) | emerge -uDNp world | ||||||
| Display a list of all packages in all installation sources that are handled by the packages management. Some tools provide options or additional commands to limit the output to a specific installation source. | pacman -Sl | yum list available | apt-cache dumpavail apt-cache dump (Cache only) apt-cache pkgnames | zypper packages | emerge -ep world | ||||||
| Displays packages which provide the given exp. aka reverse provides. Mainly a shortcut to search a specific field. Other tools might offer this functionality through the search command. | pkgfile <filename> | yum provides / yum whatprovides | apt-file search <filename> | zypper what-provides zypper wp | equery belongs (only installed packages); pfl | ||||||
| Display packages which require X to be installed, aka show reverse/ dependencies. | pacman -Sii | yum resolvedep | apt-cache rdepends / aptitude search ~Dpattern | IN PROGRESS | equery depends | ||||||
| Display packages which conflict with given expression (often package). Search can be used as well to mimic this function. | (none) | repoquery --whatconflicts | aptitude search '~Cpattern' | IN PROGRESS | |||||||
| List all packages which are required for the given package, aka show dependencies. | pacman -[S|Q]i | yum deplist | apt-cache depends / apt-cache show | IN PROGRESS | emerge -ep | ||||||
| List what the current package provides | yum provides | IN PROGRESS | equery files | ||||||||
| List the files that the package holds. Again, this functionality can be mimicked by other more complex commands. | pacman -Ql $pkgname pkgfile -l |
repoquery -l $pkgname | dpkg-query -L $pkgname | IN PROGRESS | equery files | ||||||
| List all packages that require a particular package | repoquery --whatrequires [--recursive] | equery depends -a | |||||||||
| Search all packages to find the one which holds the specified file. auto-apt is using this functionality. | pkgfile -s | yum provides / yum whatprovides | apt-file search | IN PROGRESS | equery belongs | ||||||
| Display all packages that the specified packages obsoletes. | yum list obsoletes | apt-cache show | IN PROGRESS | ||||||||
| Verify dependencies of the complete system. Used if installation process was forcefully killed. | testdb | yum deplist | apt-get check | n/a | emerge -uDN world | ||||||
| Generates a list of installed packages | pacman -Q | yum list installed | dpkg --get-selections | zypper | emerge -ep world | ||||||
| List packages that are installed but are not available in any installation source (anymore). | pacman -Qm | yum list extras | deborphan | zypper se -si | grep 'System Packages' | eix-test-obsolete | ||||||
| List packages that were recently added to one of the installation sources, i.e. which are new to it. | (none) | yum list recent | aptitude search '~N' / aptitude forget-new | n/a | eix-diff | ||||||
| Show a log of actions taken by the software management. | cat /var/log/pacman.log | yum history cat /var/log/yum.log | cat /var/log/dpkg.log | cat /var/log/zypp/history | located in /var/log/portage | ||||||
| Clean up all local caches. Options might limit what is actually cleaned. Autoclean removes only unneeded, obsolete information. | pacman -Sc pacman -Scc |
yum clean all | apt-get clean / apt-get autoclean / aptitude clean | zypper clean | eclean distfiles | ||||||
| Add a local package to the local package cache mostly for debugging purposes. | cp $pkgname /var/cache/pacman/pkg/ | apt-cache add | n/a | cp $srcfile /usr/portage/distfiles | |||||||
| Display the source package to the given package name(s) | repoquery -s | apt-cache showsrc | n/a | ||||||||
| Generates an output suitable for processing with dotty for the given package(s). | apt-cache dotty | n/a | |||||||||
| Set the priority of the given package to avoid upgrade, force downgrade or to overwrite any default behavior. Can also be used to prefer a package version from a certain installation source. | ${EDITOR} /etc/pacman.conf Modify HoldPkg and/or IgnorePkg arrays |
yum-plugin-priorities and yum-plugin-protect-packages | /etc/apt/preferences, apt-cache policy | zypper mr -p | ${EDITOR} /etc/portage/package.keywords Add a line with =category/package-version | ||||||
| Remove a previously set priority | /etc/apt/preferences | zypper mr -p | ${EDITOR} /etc/portage/package.keywords remove offending line | ||||||||
| Show a list of set priorities. | apt-cache policy /etc/apt/preferences | n/a | cat /etc/portage/package.keywords | ||||||||
| Ignores problems that priorities may trigger. | n/a | ||||||||||
| Installation sources management | ${EDITOR} /etc/pacman.conf | ${EDITOR} /etc/yum.repos.d/${REPO}.repo | ${EDITOR} /etc/apt/sources.list | layman | |||||||
| Add an installation source to the system. Some tools provide additional commands for certain sources, others allow all types of source URI for the add command. Again others, like apt and yum force editing a sources list. apt-cdrom is a special command, which offers special options design for CDs/DVDs as source. | ${EDITOR} /etc/pacman.conf | ${EDITOR} /etc/yum.repos.d/${REPO}.repo | apt-cdrom add | zypper service-add | layman, overlays | ||||||
| Refresh the information about the specified installation source(s) or all installation sources. | pacman -Sy | yum clean expire-cache && yum check-update | apt-get update | zypper refresh zypper ref | layman -f | ||||||
| Prints a list of all installation sources including important information like URI, alias etc. | cat /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist | cat /etc/yum.repos.d/* | zypper service-list | layman -l | |||||||
| Disable an installation source for an operation | yum --disablerepo=${REPO} | emerge package::repo-to-use | |||||||||
| Download packages from a different version of the distribution than the one installed. | yum --releasever=${VERSION} | apt-get install -t release package/ apt-get install package/release (deps not covered) | echo "category/package ~amd64" >> /etc/portage/package.keywords && emerge package | ||||||||
| Other commands | |||||||||||
| Start a shell to enter multiple commands in one session | yum shell | apt-config shell | zypper shell | ||||||||
| Package Verification | |||||||||||
| Single package | pacman -Qk[k] <package> | rpm -V <package> | debsums | rpm -V <package> | equery check | ||||||
| All packages | pacman -Qk[k] | rpm -Va | debsums | rpm -Va | equery check | ||||||
| Package Querying | |||||||||||
| List installed local packages along with version | pacman -Q | rpm -qa | dpkg -l | emerge -e world | |||||||
| Display local package information: Name, version, description, etc. | pacman -Qi | rpm -qi | dpkg -s | emerge -pv and emerge -S | |||||||
| Display remote package information: Name, version, description, etc. | pacman -Si | yum info | apt-cache show / aptitude show | emerge -pv and emerge -S | |||||||
| Display files provided by local package | pacman -Ql | rpm -ql | dpkg -L | equery files | |||||||
| Display files provided by a remote package | pkgfile -l | repoquery -l | pfl | ||||||||
| Query the package which provides FILE | pacman -Qo | rpm -qf (installed only) or yum whatprovides (everything) | dpkg -S/dlocate | equery belongs | |||||||
| Query a package supplied on the command line rather than an entry in the package management database | pacman -Qp | rpm -qp | dpkg -I | ||||||||
| Show the changelog of a package | pacman -Qc | rpm -q --changelog | apt-get changelog | equery changes -f | |||||||
| Search locally installed package for names or descriptions | pacman -Qs | aptitude search '~i(~nexpr|~dexpr)' | eix -S -I | ||||||||
| List packages not required by any other package | pacman -Qt | package-cleanup --all --leaves | deborphan -anp1 | ||||||||
| Building Packages | |||||||||||
| Build a package | makepkg -s | rpmbuild -ba (normal) mock (in chroot) | debuild | rpmbuild -ba | ebuild; quickpkg | ||||||
| Check for possible packaging issues | rpmlint | lintian | repoman | ||||||||
| List the contents of a package file | pacman -Qpl <file> | rpmls rpm -qpl | dpkg -c | rpm -qpl | |||||||
| Extract a package | tar -Jxvf | rpm2cpio | cpio -vid | ar vx | tar -zxvf data.tar.gz | rpm2cpio | cpio -vid | tar -jxvf | ||||||
| Query a package supplied on the command line rather than an entry in the package management database | pacman -Qp | rpm -qp | dpkg -I | ||||||||
| Action | Arch | Red Hat/Fedora | Debian/Ubuntu | SUSE/openSUSE | Gentoo |