Xdefaults
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Einleitung
Xdefaults ist eine versteckte Datei auf Benutzerebene, die sich üblicherweise in ~/.Xdefaults befindet. Wenn sie existiert wird sie vom xrdb (X Resource Database) Programm automatisch, wenn Xorg gestartet wird, analysiert. Sie kann benutzt werden um Einstellungen für X und X Anwendungen zu setzen oder zu überschreiben. Sie kann vieles, u.a.:
- Terminal Farben definieren
- Terminal Einstellungen konfigurieren
- DPI, Antialiasing, Hinting und ander X Schrift Einstellungen definieren
- Das Xcursor-Motiv setzen
- Xscreensaver-Motiv setzen
- Die Einstellungen für Tief-Level X Anwendungen (xclock, xpdf etc.) setzen
Getting started
Creating .Xdefaults
The file ~/.Xdefaults does not exist by default. To create it, open a terminal and type the following as a normal user:
$ touch ~/.Xdefaults
Being a plain-text file, you can edit your ~/.Xdefaults file with the text editor of your choice.
Default settings
To see the default settings for your installed X11 apps, look in /usr/share/X11/app-defaults/ .
Xdefaults syntax
The basic syntax
The syntax of an Xdefaults file is as follows:
name.Class.resource: value
...and here's a real world example:
xscreensaver.Dialog.headingFont: -*-fixed-bold-r-*-*-*-100-*-*-*-*-iso8859-1
name: The name of the application, such xterm, xpdf, etc.
class: The classification used to group resources together. Class names are typically uppercase.
resource: The name of the resource whose value is to be changed. Resources are typically lowercase with uppercase concatenation.
value: The actual value of the resource. This can be 1 of 3 types:
- Integer (whole numbers)
- Boolean (true/false, yes/no, on/off)
- String (a string of characters) (for example a word (white), a color (#ffffff), or a path (/usr/bin/firefox))
delimiters: A period (.) is used to signify each step down into the hierarchy -- in the above example we start at name, then descend into Class, and finally into the resource itself. A colon (:) is used to separate the resource declaration from the actual value.
Wildcard matching
The asterisk can be used as a wildcard, making it easy to write a single rule that can be applied to many different applications or elements.
Using the previous example, if you want to apply the same font to all programs (not just xscreensaver) that contain the class name Dialog which contains the resource name headingFont, you would write:
*Dialog.headingFont: -*-fixed-bold-r-*-*-*-100-*-*-*-*-iso8859-1
If you want to apply this same rule to all programs that contain the resource headingFont regardless of its class, you would write:
*headingFont: -*-fixed-bold-r-*-*-*-100-*-*-*-*-iso8859-1
Commenting
To add a comment to your Xdefaults file, simply prefix it with an exclamation point (!), for example:
! This is a comment placed above some Xft settings xft.dpi: 96 ! this is an inline comment
! The following rule will be ignored because it has been commented out !xft.antialias: true
Sample usage
The following samples should provide a good understanding of how application settings can be modified using an Xdefaults file. For full details, refer to the man page of the application in question.
File header
If desired, you can add a header to ~/.Xdefaults which not only explains the file's contents, but also instruct vim how to perform syntax highlighting and other formatting. For example:
! ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ! file: ~/.Xdefaults ! author: Thayer Williams - http://cinderwick.ca ! modified: November 2008 ! vim:enc=utf-8:nu:ai:si:et:ts=4:sw=4:ft=xdefaults: ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
This will instruct vim to use UTF-8 encoding, display line numbers, auto-indent, smart-indent, expand tabs to spaces, set tabs to equal 4 spaces, and set the autocommand Filetype to "xdefaults".
It's a good habit to get into, especially if you'd like to make your dotfiles available for public consumption.
Terminal colors
Most terminals, including xterm and uxrvt, support at least 16 basic colors. The following is an example of a 16-color scheme.
The colors 0-7 are the 'normal' colors, while colors 8-15 are their 'bright' counterparts (used for highlighting, etc.)
! terminal colors ------------------------------------------------------------ ! tangoesque scheme *background: #111111 *foreground: #babdb6 ! Black (not tango) + DarkGrey *color0: #000000 *color8: #555753 ! DarkRed + Red *color1: #ff6565 *color9: #ff8d8d ! DarkGreen + Green *color2: #93d44f *color10: #c8e7a8 ! DarkYellow + Yellow *color3: #eab93d *color11: #ffc123 ! DarkBlue + Blue *color4: #204a87 *color12: #3465a4 ! DarkMangenta + Mangenta *color5: #ce5c00 *color13: #f57900 !DarkCyan + Cyan (both not tango) *color6: #89b6e2 *color14: #46a4ff ! LightGrey + White *color7: #cccccc *color15: #ffffff
For more examples of color schemes, see the Other Resources section at the bottom of this article.
Desktop preferences
Xcursor settings
Set the theme and size of your mouse cursor:
! Xcursor -------------------------------------------------------------------- Xcursor*theme: Vanilla-DMZ-AA Xcursor.size: 22
Available themes reside in /usr/share/icons and local themes can be installed to ~/.icons
Xft Font Settings
You can define basic font settings without the need of a fonts.conf file or Desktop Environment. Note however, the use of a desktop environment and/or fonts.conf can override these settings. Your best option is to use one or the other, but not both.
! Xft settings --------------------------------------------------------------- Xft.dpi: 96 Xft.antialias: true Xft.rgba: rgb Xft.hinting: true Xft.hintstyle: hintslight
xterm preferences
This will open Xterm in an 80x25 character window with a scroll-bar and scroll capability for the last 512 lines.
The specified Terminus facename is a popular and clean terminal font.
! xterm ---------------------------------------------------------------------- xterm*geometry: 80x25 xterm*faceName: terminusbold:pixelsize=14 !xterm*font: -*-dina-medium-r-*-*-16-*-*-*-*-*-*-* xterm*dynamicColors: true xterm*utf8: 2 xterm*eightBitInput: true xterm*saveLines: 512 xterm*scrollTtyKeypress: true xterm*scrollTtyOutput: false xterm*scrollBar: true xterm*rightScrollBar: true xterm*loginShell: true xterm*jumpScroll: true xterm*multiScroll: true xterm*toolBar: false
urxvt preferences
Rxvt-unicode features an extensive list of options which can be configured via Xdefaults. Refer to the urxvt man page for details.
! rxvt-unicode ---------------------------------------------------------------
! font preference
urxvt*font: -*-terminus-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*
urxvt*boldFont: -*-terminus-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*
!initial size
urxvt*geometry: 120x35
!internal whitespace
urxvt*internalBorder: 5
!fade text n% upon unfocus
urxvt*fading: 20
!darken=(0 to 100) lighten=(-1 to -100)
urxvt*shading: 30
!tint background with this color
urxvt*tintColor: black
!set to 32-bit for real transparency (compositing required)
!urxvt*depth: 24
!save n lines of scrollback buffer
urxvt*saveLines: 32767
!flash screen for attention
urxvt*visualBell: true
!jump to bottom (prompt) on keypress
urxvt*scrollTtyKeypress: true
!jump to bottom (prompt) when tty gets new lines
urxvt*scrollWithBuffer: false
!jump to bottom (prompt) on tty output
urxvt*scrollTtyOutput: false
!toggle scrollbar
urxvt*scrollBar: false
!scrollbar styles: rxvt, plain, next or xterm
urxvt*scrollstyle: plain
!scrollbar alignment
urxvt*scrollBar_right: true
urxvt*scrollColor: #777777
urxvt*cursorColor: #ffcc00
!is this a login shell?
urxvt*loginShell: true
!set the TERM environment variable
urxvt*termName: rxvt-unicode
!enable pseudo-transparency (requires depth: 24 (see above))
urxvt*inheritPixmap: true
!delimiters for double-click mouse selection
urxvt*cutchars: "()*,<>[]{}|'
!screen dump settings
urxvt*print-pipe: cat > $(echo urxvt.dump.$(date +'%Y%M%d%H%m%S'))
!secondary screen scroll (default enabled)
urxvt*secondaryScroll: true
!de-iconify (map) on receipt of a bell character
urxvt*mapAlert: true
!inhibit writing record into the system log file utmp
urxvt*utmpInhibit: true
!! BEGIN urlLauncher settings !!
urxvt*perl-lib: /usr/lib/urxvt/perl/
urxvt*perl-ext-common: default,matcher
urxvt*urlLauncher: /usr/bin/firefox
urxvt*matcher.button: 1
!! END urlLauncher settings !!
!transparent=0000 opaque=ffff
urxvt*background: rgba:1111/1111/1111/dddd
aterm preferences
Sample settings for aterm (very similar to urxvt)
!aterm settings------------------------------------------------------------- aterm*background: black aterm*foreground: white aterm*transparent: true aterm*shading: 30 aterm*cursorColor: gray aterm*saveLines: 2000 !aterm*tinting: gray aterm*scrollBar: false !aterm*scrollBar_right: true aterm*transpscrollbar: true aterm*borderwidth: 0 aterm*font: -*-terminus-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-* aterm*geometry: 80x25 !aterm*fading: 70
xpdf preferences
Some basic settings for Xpdf, a lightweight PDF viewer:
! xpdf ----------------------------------------------------------------------- xpdf*enableFreetype: yes xpdf*antialias: yes xpdf*foreground: black xpdf*background: white xpdf*urlCommand: /usr/bin/firefox %s
Anything more detailed than the above you should be putting in ~/.xpdfrc instead. See xpdf man page for more info. Note: viKeys is deprecated.
lal clock
! lal clock ------------------------------------------------------------------ lal*font: Arial lal*fontsize: 12 lal*bold: true lal*color: #ffffff lal*width: 150 lal*format: %a %b %d %l:%M%P
xclock preferences
Some basic xclock settings. See xclock man page for all X resources.
! xclock --------------------------------------------------------------------- xclock*update: 1 xclock*analog: false xclock*Foreground: white xclock*background: black
x11-ssh-askpass
! x11-ssh-askpass ------------------------------------------------------------ x11-ssh-askpass*font: -*-dina-medium-r-*-*-12-*-*-*-*-*-*-* x11-ssh-askpass*background: #000000 x11-ssh-askpass*foreground: #ffffff x11-ssh-askpass.Button*background: #000000 x11-ssh-askpass.Indicator*foreground: #ff9900 x11-ssh-askpass.Indicator*background: #090909 x11-ssh-askpass*topShadowColor: #000000 x11-ssh-askpass*bottomShadowColor: #000000 x11-ssh-askpass.*borderWidth: 1
xscreensaver theming
A sample Xscreensaver theme. For more information, refer to the xscreensaver man page. View the resulting theme.
! xscreensaver --------------------------------------------------------------- !font settings xscreensaver.Dialog.headingFont: -*-dina-bold-r-*-*-12-*-*-*-*-*-*-* xscreensaver.Dialog.bodyFont: -*-dina-medium-r-*-*-12-*-*-*-*-*-*-* xscreensaver.Dialog.labelFont: -*-dina-medium-r-*-*-12-*-*-*-*-*-*-* xscreensaver.Dialog.unameFont: -*-dina-medium-r-*-*-12-*-*-*-*-*-*-* xscreensaver.Dialog.buttonFont: -*-dina-bold-r-*-*-12-*-*-*-*-*-*-* xscreensaver.Dialog.dateFont: -*-dina-medium-r-*-*-12-*-*-*-*-*-*-* xscreensaver.passwd.passwdFont: -*-dina-bold-r-*-*-12-*-*-*-*-*-*-* !general dialog box (affects main hostname, username, password text) xscreensaver.Dialog.foreground: #ffffff xscreensaver.Dialog.background: #111111 xscreensaver.Dialog.topShadowColor: #111111 xscreensaver.Dialog.bottomShadowColor: #111111 xscreensaver.Dialog.Button.foreground: #666666 xscreensaver.Dialog.Button.background: #ffffff !username/password input box and date text colour xscreensaver.Dialog.text.foreground: #666666 xscreensaver.Dialog.text.background: #ffffff xscreensaver.Dialog.internalBorderWidth:24 xscreensaver.Dialog.borderWidth: 20 xscreensaver.Dialog.shadowThickness: 2 !timeout bar (background is actually determined by Dialog.text.background) xscreensaver.passwd.thermometer.foreground: #ff0000 xscreensaver.passwd.thermometer.background: #000000 xscreensaver.passwd.thermometer.width: 8 !datestamp format--see the strftime(3) manual page for details xscreensaver.dateFormat: %I:%M%P %a %b %d, %Y
xcalc preferences
Some xcalc settings to colorize and customize buttons.
!xcalc----------------------------------------------------------------------- xcalc*geometry: 200x275 xcalc.ti.bevel.background: #111111 xcalc.ti.bevel.screen.background: #000000 xcalc.ti.bevel.screen.DEG.background: #000000 xcalc.ti.bevel.screen.DEG.foreground: LightSeaGreen xcalc.ti.bevel.screen.GRAD.background: #000000 xcalc.ti.bevel.screen.GRAD.foreground: LightSeaGreen xcalc.ti.bevel.screen.RAD.background: #000000 xcalc.ti.bevel.screen.RAD.foreground: LightSeaGreen xcalc.ti.bevel.screen.INV.background: #000000 xcalc.ti.bevel.screen.INV.foreground: Red xcalc.ti.bevel.screen.LCD.background: #000000 xcalc.ti.bevel.screen.LCD.foreground: LightSeaGreen xcalc.ti.bevel.screen.LCD.shadowWidth: 0 xcalc.ti.bevel.screen.M.background: #000000 xcalc.ti.bevel.screen.M.foreground: LightSeaGreen xcalc.ti.bevel.screen.P.background: #000000 xcalc.ti.bevel.screen.P.foreground: Yellow xcalc.ti.Command.foreground: White xcalc.ti.Command.background: #777777 xcalc.ti.button5.background: Orange3 xcalc.ti.button19.background: #611161 xcalc.ti.button18.background: #611161 xcalc.ti.button20.background: #611111 !uncomment to change label on division button !xcalc.ti.button20.label: / xcalc.ti.button25.background: #722222 xcalc.ti.button30.background: #833333 xcalc.ti.button35.background: #944444 xcalc.ti.button40.background: #a55555 xcalc.ti.button22.background: #222262 xcalc.ti.button23.background: #222262 xcalc.ti.button24.background: #222272 xcalc.ti.button27.background: #333373 xcalc.ti.button28.background: #333373 xcalc.ti.button29.background: #333373 xcalc.ti.button32.background: #444484 xcalc.ti.button33.background: #444484 xcalc.ti.button34.background: #444484 xcalc.ti.button37.background: #555595 xcalc.ti.button38.background: #555595 xcalc.ti.button39.background: #555595 XCalc*Cursor: hand2 XCalc*ShapeStyle: rectangle
Color Scheme Scripts
Any of the following scripts will display a chart of your current terminal color scheme. Handy for testing and whatnot.
Script #1
#!/bin/bash
#
# This file echoes a bunch of color codes to the
# terminal to demonstrate what's available. Each
# line is the color code of one forground color,
# out of 17 (default + 16 escapes), followed by a
# test use of that color on all nine background
# colors (default + 8 escapes).
#
T='gYw' # The test text
echo -e "\n 40m 41m 42m 43m\
44m 45m 46m 47m";
for FGs in ' m' ' 1m' ' 30m' '1;30m' ' 31m' '1;31m' ' 32m' \
'1;32m' ' 33m' '1;33m' ' 34m' '1;34m' ' 35m' '1;35m' \
' 36m' '1;36m' ' 37m' '1;37m';
do FG=${FGs// /}
echo -en " $FGs \033[$FG $T "
for BG in 40m 41m 42m 43m 44m 45m 46m 47m;
do echo -en "$EINS \033[$FG\033[$BG $T \033[0m";
done
echo;
done
echo
Script #2
#!/bin/bash
# Original: http://frexx.de/xterm-256-notes/
# http://frexx.de/xterm-256-notes/data/colortable16.sh
# Modified by Aaron Griffin
# and further by Kazuo Teramoto
FGNAMES=(' black ' ' red ' ' green ' ' yellow' ' blue ' 'magenta' ' cyan ' ' white ')
BGNAMES=('DFT' 'BLK' 'RED' 'GRN' 'YEL' 'BLU' 'MAG' 'CYN' 'WHT')
echo " ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐"
for b in $(seq 0 8); do
if [ "$b" -gt 0 ]; then
bg=$(($b+39))
fi
echo -en "\033[0m ${BGNAMES[$b]} │ "
for f in $(seq 0 7); do
echo -en "\033[${bg}m\033[$(($f+30))m ${FGNAMES[$f]} "
done
echo -en "\033[0m │"
echo -en "\033[0m\n\033[0m │ "
for f in $(seq 0 7); do
echo -en "\033[${bg}m\033[1;$(($f+30))m ${FGNAMES[$f]} "
done
echo -en "\033[0m │"
echo -e "\033[0m"
if [ "$b" -lt 8 ]; then
echo " ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤"
fi
done
echo " └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘"
Script #3
#!/bin/bash
# Original: http://frexx.de/xterm-256-notes/
# http://frexx.de/xterm-256-notes/data/colortable16.sh
# Modified by Aaron Griffin
# and further by Kazuo Teramoto
FGNAMES=(' black ' ' red ' ' green ' ' yellow' ' blue ' 'magenta' ' cyan ' ' white ')
BGNAMES=('DFT' 'BLK' 'RED' 'GRN' 'YEL' 'BLU' 'MAG' 'CYN' 'WHT')
echo " ----------------------------------------------------------------------------"
for b in $(seq 0 8); do
if [ "$b" -gt 0 ]; then
bg=$(($b+39))
fi
echo -en "\033[0m ${BGNAMES[$b]} : "
for f in $(seq 0 7); do
echo -en "\033[${bg}m\033[$(($f+30))m ${FGNAMES[$f]} "
done
echo -en "\033[0m :"
echo -en "\033[0m\n\033[0m : "
for f in $(seq 0 7); do
echo -en "\033[${bg}m\033[1;$(($f+30))m ${FGNAMES[$f]} "
done
echo -en "\033[0m :"
echo -e "\033[0m"
if [ "$b" -lt 8 ]; then
echo " ----------------------------------------------------------------------------"
fi
done
echo " ----------------------------------------------------------------------------"
Contributed .Xdefaults
Check out these links for some real world examples of Xdefaults, contributed by fellow community members:
http://dotfiles.org/~buttons/.Xdefaults
http://code.suckless.org/hg/dextra/file/513faba2591f/dolby/Xdefaults
http://github.com/stxza/arch-linux-configs/tree/master/.Xdefaults
http://dotfiles.org/~wraith/.Xdefaults
http://dotfiles.org/~tdy/.Xdefaults
http://github.com/jelly/dotfiles/tree/master/.Xdefaults
Other Resources
- Terminal Color Schemes- a gallery of terminal color schemes by our very own Aaron Griffin
- TIP Linux Colors in Aterm/rxvt - Gentoo wiki article with loads of information
- Using the Xdefaults File - An in-depth article on how X interprets the Xdefaults file
- Rxvt-unicode Configuration Tutorial - lots of information for urxvt users
- Available Colors and their names - listing of available colors and their color names for xterm and other X-applications.